起重機(jī)鋼絲繩使用的基本要求
Basic Requirements for Use of Crane Wire Rope
起重機(jī)的鋼絲繩受力很復(fù)雜，除了拉伸外，當(dāng)鋼絲繩繞過(guò)滑輪和繞入卷筒時(shí)，在鋼絲中還產(chǎn)生彎曲應(yīng)力和接觸應(yīng)力，外層鋼絲應(yīng)力最大，疲勞破壞由外層鋼絲開(kāi)始。因此在使用起重機(jī)要遵守以下注意事項(xiàng)：
In addition to tension, bending stress and contact stress are also produced in the steel wire when the steel wire is wound around the pulley and the reel. The stress of the outer steel wire is the largest, and the fatigue damage begins with the outer steel wire. Therefore, the following precautions should be observed in the use of cranes:
1、盡可能選用較大的卷筒和滑輪直徑（D）。如D≥35d（d為鋼絲的直徑），則鋼絲繩使用壽命可以延長(zhǎng)很多。
1. Choose bigger drum and pulley diameter (D) as far as possible. If D is more than 35d (d is the diameter of steel wire), the service life of steel wire rope can be prolonged a lot.
2、單層纏繞的卷筒應(yīng)切出螺旋槽，螺旋槽的滑輪槽的半徑r應(yīng)與鋼絲繩的直徑d相適應(yīng)，r太大會(huì)使鋼絲繩的與槽底接觸面積太小，r太小有將鋼絲繩卡緊的可能。因此r=0.53為宜。卷筒和滑輪的材料硬度對(duì)鋼絲繩的受用壽命有影響，比較起來(lái)，鑄鐵比鑄鋼有利。在槽底鑲鋁合金或尼龍襯墊，可以降低鋼絲繩的接觸力，提高鋼絲繩的使用壽命。
2. The spiral groove should be cut out from the single-layer winding drum. The radius r of the pulley groove of the spiral groove should correspond to the diameter D of the wire rope. If R is too large, the contact area between the wire rope and the bottom of the groove will be too small, and if R is too small, the wire rope will be clamped. So r=0.53 is suitable. The material hardness of the drum and pulley has an effect on the service life of the wire rope. Compared with cast steel, cast iron is more advantageous. Inserting aluminium alloy or nylon liner at the bottom of the groove can reduce the contact force of the wire rope and improve the service life of the wire rope.
3、應(yīng)盡量減少鋼絲的彎曲次數(shù)，即不要使鋼絲繩通過(guò)太多滑輪。同時(shí)，要避免反向彎曲，因?yàn)榉聪驈澢钠茐淖饔檬峭驈澢膬杀丁?br />
3. The bending times of steel wire should be reduced as far as possible, that is, the steel wire rope should not pass through too many pulleys. At the same time, reverse bending should be avoided, because the damage of reverse bending is twice as much as that of the same bending.
4、提高鋼絲繩的使用壽命，應(yīng)該盡量選用線接觸鋼絲繩，不宜使用點(diǎn)接觸鋼絲繩。
4. In order to improve the service life of wire rope, wire-contact wire rope should be selected as far as possible, and point-contact wire rope should not be used.
5、起重機(jī)械選用鋼絲繩的強(qiáng)度不宜過(guò)高，一般不應(yīng)該超過(guò)1700N/mm2。
5. The strength of steel wire rope should not be too high for lifting machinery. Generally, it should not exceed 1700N/mm2.
6、鋼絲繩在卷筒上，應(yīng)該順序整齊排列。
6. The steel wire rope should be arranged in order on the drum.
7、載荷由多根鋼絲繩支承時(shí)，應(yīng)該設(shè)置有使每根鋼絲繩均衡受力的裝置。
7. When the load is supported by multiple wire ropes, a device for balancing the force on each wire rope should be installed.
8、起升構(gòu)造和變幅機(jī)構(gòu)，不得使用編結(jié)接觸的鋼絲繩。使用其它方法接觸鋼絲繩時(shí)，必須保證接頭連接強(qiáng)度不小于鋼絲繩破斷拉力的90%。
8. The hoisting structure and the amplitude changing mechanism shall not use the knitted contact wire rope. When using other methods to contact the wire rope, it is necessary to ensure that the joint strength is not less than 90% of the breaking tension of the wire rope.
9、提升高度較大的起重機(jī)，宜采用不旋轉(zhuǎn)、五松散傾向的鋼絲繩。采用其它鋼絲繩時(shí)，應(yīng)有防止鋼絲繩和吊具旋轉(zhuǎn)的裝置或措施。
9. For cranes with large lifting height, it is advisable to adopt non-rotating and five loose tendencies of wire rope. When using other wire ropes, there should be devices or measures to prevent the rotation of wire ropes and hangers.
10、當(dāng)?shù)蹉^處于工作位置最低點(diǎn)時(shí)，鋼絲繩在卷筒上纏繞圈數(shù)，除去固定繩尾的圈數(shù)，必須不少于2圈。
10. When the hook is at the lowest point of the working position, the number of windings of the wire rope on the drum must be no less than two, except for the number of rings of the fixed end of the rope.
11、吊運(yùn)熔化或熾熱金屬的鋼絲繩，應(yīng)采用石棉芯等耐高溫的鋼絲繩。
11. High temperature resistant steel ropes such as asbestos cores shall be used for lifting molten or incandescent metals.
12、鋼絲繩端部固定連接的安全要求：
12. Safety Requirements for Fixed Connections of Wire Rope Ends:
（1）鋼絲繩連接時(shí)要保證連接強(qiáng)度不小于鋼絲繩破斷拉力的85%。繩卡壓板應(yīng)在鋼絲繩長(zhǎng)頭一邊，間距不小于鋼絲繩直徑的6倍。
(1) When wire rope is connected, it is necessary to ensure that the strength of the connection is not less than 85% of the breaking tension of the wire rope. The clamping plate should be on the side of the long end of the wire rope with spacing not less than 6 times the diameter of the wire rope.
（2）用編結(jié)法接觸時(shí)，編結(jié)長(zhǎng)度不應(yīng)小于鋼絲繩直徑的1.5倍，并且不得小于300mm，接觸強(qiáng)度不得小于鋼絲繩破斷拉力的75%。
(2) When contacting by knitting method, the knitting length shall not be less than 1.5 times the diameter of the wire rope, and shall not be less than 300 mm, and the contact strength shall not be less than 75% of the breaking tension of the wire rope.
（3）用銼型套澆鑄法連接時(shí)，連接強(qiáng)度應(yīng)達(dá)到鋼絲繩破斷拉力。
(3) The connection strength should reach the breaking tension of the wire rope when using the casting method of file sleeve.
（4）用鋁合金套壓縮法連接時(shí)，應(yīng)以可靠的工藝方法使鋁合金套于鋼絲繩牢固地貼合，連接強(qiáng)度應(yīng)達(dá)到鋼絲繩破斷拉力。
(4) When the connection is made by compression method of aluminium alloy sleeve, the aluminium alloy sleeve should be firmly adhered to the wire rope by reliable technological method, and the connection strength should reach the breaking tension of the wire rope.
13、鋼絲繩開(kāi)卷時(shí)，應(yīng)防止打結(jié)或扭曲；安裝鋼絲繩時(shí)候，不應(yīng)在不潔凈的地方拖線，也不應(yīng)繞在其他物體上，防止劃、磨、碾壓和過(guò)度彎曲。
13. When the wire rope is uncoiled, knotting or twisting should be prevented; when installing the wire rope, it should not be towed in an unclean place or wrapped around other objects to prevent scratching, grinding, rolling and excessive bending.
14、起重機(jī)鋼絲繩應(yīng)保持良好的潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài)。所用潤(rùn)滑劑應(yīng)符合該繩的要求，并且不影響外觀檢查。潤(rùn)滑時(shí)應(yīng)該特別注意不要漏過(guò)不易看到或者不易接觸的部位，如平衡滑輪處的鋼絲繩。使用中的鋼絲繩至少每月潤(rùn)滑兩次，潤(rùn)滑劑不宜使用潤(rùn)滑脂，最好使用鋼絲繩油，也可以使用中等濃度的機(jī)油。潤(rùn)滑前，要先用鋼絲刷子刷去鋼絲繩上面的污物，并用煤油清洗，然后用加熱到80度以上的潤(rùn)滑油浸洗鋼絲繩，使?jié)櫥徒嚼K芯。
14. The crane wire rope should be kept in good lubrication condition. The lubricant used should meet the requirements of the rope without affecting the appearance inspection. When lubricating, special care should be taken not to miss the parts that are not easy to see or touch, such as the wire rope at the balance pulley. The wire rope in use is lubricated at least twice a month. Lubricant is not suitable to use grease. It is better to use wire rope oil or medium concentration of oil. Before lubrication, it is necessary to brush the dirt on the wire rope with a wire brush and clean it with kerosene, then soak the wire rope with oil heated to more than 80 degrees, so that the lubricant can be immersed in the core of the rope.
15、起重機(jī)械對(duì)日常使用的鋼絲繩應(yīng)該每天檢查，包括對(duì)端部的固定連接、平衡滑輪處的檢查，并作出安全性的判斷。
15. The hoisting machinery should check the wire rope used in daily life, including the fixed connection of the end and the balance pulley, and make a safety judgment.
